xref: /linux-6.12.1/Documentation/networking/phy.rst

=====================
PHY Abstraction Layer
=====================

Purpose
=======

Most network devices consist of set of registers which provide an interface
to a MAC layer, which communicates with the physical connection through a
PHY.  The PHY concerns itself with negotiating link parameters with the link
partner on the other side of the network connection (typically, an ethernet
cable), and provides a register interface to allow drivers to determine what
settings were chosen, and to configure what settings are allowed.

While these devices are distinct from the network devices, and conform to a
standard layout for the registers, it has been common practice to integrate
the PHY management code with the network driver.  This has resulted in large
amounts of redundant code.  Also, on embedded systems with multiple (and
sometimes quite different) ethernet controllers connected to the same
management bus, it is difficult to ensure safe use of the bus.

Since the PHYs are devices, and the management busses through which they are
accessed are, in fact, busses, the PHY Abstraction Layer treats them as such.
In doing so, it has these goals:

#. Increase code-reuse
#. Increase overall code-maintainability
#. Speed development time for new network drivers, and for new systems

Basically, this layer is meant to provide an interface to PHY devices which
allows network driver writers to write as little code as possible, while
still providing a full feature set.

The MDIO bus
============

Most network devices are connected to a PHY by means of a management bus.
Different devices use different busses (though some share common interfaces).
In order to take advantage of the PAL, each bus interface needs to be
registered as a distinct device.

#. read and write functions must be implemented. Their prototypes are::

	int write(struct mii_bus *bus, int mii_id, int regnum, u16 value);
	int read(struct mii_bus *bus, int mii_id, int regnum);

   mii_id is the address on the bus for the PHY, and regnum is the register
   number.  These functions are guaranteed not to be called from interrupt
   time, so it is safe for them to block, waiting for an interrupt to signal
   the operation is complete

#. A reset function is optional. This is used to return the bus to an
   initialized state.

#. A probe function is needed.  This function should set up anything the bus
   driver needs, setup the mii_bus structure, and register with the PAL using
   mdiobus_register.  Similarly, there's a remove function to undo all of
   that (use mdiobus_unregister).

#. Like any driver, the device_driver structure must be configured, and init
   exit functions are used to register the driver.

#. The bus must also be declared somewhere as a device, and registered.

As an example for how one driver implemented an mdio bus driver, see
drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fsl_pq_mdio.c and an associated DTS file
for one of the users. (e.g. "git grep fsl,.*-mdio arch/powerpc/boot/dts/")

(RG)MII/electrical interface considerations
===========================================

The Reduced Gigabit Medium Independent Interface (RGMII) is a 12-pin
electrical signal interface using a synchronous 125Mhz clock signal and several
data lines. Due to this design decision, a 1.5ns to 2ns delay must be added
between the clock line (RXC or TXC) and the data lines to let the PHY (clock
sink) have a large enough setup and hold time to sample the data lines correctly. The
PHY library offers different types of PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_RGMII* values to let
the PHY driver and optionally the MAC driver, implement the required delay. The
values of phy_interface_t must be understood from the perspective of the PHY
device itself, leading to the following:

* PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_RGMII: the PHY is not responsible for inserting any
  internal delay by itself, it assumes that either the Ethernet MAC (if capable)
  or the PCB traces insert the correct 1.5-2ns delay

* PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_RGMII_TXID: the PHY should insert an internal delay
  for the transmit data lines (TXD[3:0]) processed by the PHY device

* PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_RGMII_RXID: the PHY should insert an internal delay
  for the receive data lines (RXD[3:0]) processed by the PHY device

* PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_RGMII_ID: the PHY should insert internal delays for
  both transmit AND receive data lines from/to the PHY device

Whenever possible, use the PHY side RGMII delay for these reasons:

* PHY devices may offer sub-nanosecond granularity in how they allow a
  receiver/transmitter side delay (e.g: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5ns) to be specified. Such
  precision may be required to account for differences in PCB trace lengths

* PHY devices are typically qualified for a large range of applications
  (industrial, medical, automotive...), and they provide a constant and
  reliable delay across temperature/pressure/voltage ranges

* PHY device drivers in PHYLIB being reusable by nature, being able to
  configure correctly a specified delay enables more designs with similar delay
  requirements to be operated correctly

For cases where the PHY is not capable of providing this delay, but the
Ethernet MAC driver is capable of doing so, the correct phy_interface_t value
should be PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_RGMII, and the Ethernet MAC driver should be
configured correctly in order to provide the required transmit and/or receive
side delay from the perspective of the PHY device. Conversely, if the Ethernet
MAC driver looks at the phy_interface_t value, for any other mode but
PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_RGMII, it should make sure that the MAC-level delays are
disabled.

In case neither the Ethernet MAC, nor the PHY are capable of providing the
required delays, as defined per the RGMII standard, several options may be
available:

* Some SoCs may offer a pin pad/mux/controller capable of configuring a given
  set of pins' strength, delays, and voltage; and it may be a suitable
  option to insert the expected 2ns RGMII delay.

* Modifying the PCB design to include a fixed delay (e.g: using a specifically
  designed serpentine), which may not require software configuration at all.

Common problems with RGMII delay mismatch
-----------------------------------------

When there is a RGMII delay mismatch between the Ethernet MAC and the PHY, this
will most likely result in the clock and data line signals to be unstable when
the PHY or MAC take a snapshot of these signals to translate them into logical
1 or 0 states and reconstruct the data being transmitted/received. Typical
symptoms include:

* Transmission/reception partially works, and there is frequent or occasional
  packet loss observed

* Ethernet MAC may report some or all packets ingressing with a FCS/CRC error,
  or just discard them all

* Switching to lower speeds such as 10/100Mbits/sec makes the problem go away
  (since there is enough setup/hold time in that case)

Connecting to a PHY
===================

Sometime during startup, the network driver needs to establish a connection
between the PHY device, and the network device.  At this time, the PHY's bus
and drivers need to all have been loaded, so it is ready for the connection.
At this point, there are several ways to connect to the PHY:

#. The PAL handles everything, and only calls the network driver when
   the link state changes, so it can react.

#. The PAL handles everything except interrupts (usually because the
   controller has the interrupt registers).

#. The PAL handles everything, but checks in with the driver every second,
   allowing the network driver to react first to any changes before the PAL
   does.

#. The PAL serves only as a library of functions, with the network device
   manually calling functions to update status, and configure the PHY


Letting the PHY Abstraction Layer do Everything
===============================================

If you choose option 1 (The hope is that every driver can, but to still be
useful to drivers that can't), connecting to the PHY is simple:

First, you need a function to react to changes in the link state.  This
function follows this protocol::

	static void adjust_link(struct net_device *dev);

Next, you need to know the device name of the PHY connected to this device.
The name will look something like, "0:00", where the first number is the
bus id, and the second is the PHY's address on that bus.  Typically,
the bus is responsible for making its ID unique.

Now, to connect, just call this function::

	phydev = phy_connect(dev, phy_name, &adjust_link, interface);

*phydev* is a pointer to the phy_device structure which represents the PHY.
If phy_connect is successful, it will return the pointer.  dev, here, is the
pointer to your net_device.  Once done, this function will have started the
PHY's software state machine, and registered for the PHY's interrupt, if it
has one.  The phydev structure will be populated with information about the
current state, though the PHY will not yet be truly operational at this
point.

PHY-specific flags should be set in phydev->dev_flags prior to the call
to phy_connect() such that the underlying PHY driver can check for flags
and perform specific operations based on them.
This is useful if the system has put hardware restrictions on
the PHY/controller, of which the PHY needs to be aware.

*interface* is a u32 which specifies the connection type used
between the controller and the PHY.  Examples are GMII, MII,
RGMII, and SGMII.  See "PHY interface mode" below.  For a full
list, see include/linux/phy.h

Now just make sure that phydev->supported and phydev->advertising have any
values pruned from them which don't make sense for your controller (a 10/100
controller may be connected to a gigabit capable PHY, so you would need to
mask off SUPPORTED_1000baseT*).  See include/linux/ethtool.h for definitions
for these bitfields. Note that you should not SET any bits, except the
SUPPORTED_Pause and SUPPORTED_AsymPause bits (see below), or the PHY may get
put into an unsupported state.

Lastly, once the controller is ready to handle network traffic, you call
phy_start(phydev).  This tells the PAL that you are ready, and configures the
PHY to connect to the network. If the MAC interrupt of your network driver
also handles PHY status changes, just set phydev->irq to PHY_MAC_INTERRUPT
before you call phy_start and use phy_mac_interrupt() from the network
driver. If you don't want to use interrupts, set phydev->irq to PHY_POLL.
phy_start() enables the PHY interrupts (if applicable) and starts the
phylib state machine.

When you want to disconnect from the network (even if just briefly), you call
phy_stop(phydev). This function also stops the phylib state machine and
disables PHY interrupts.

PHY interface modes
===================

The PHY interface mode supplied in the phy_connect() family of functions
defines the initial operating mode of the PHY interface.  This is not
guaranteed to remain constant; there are PHYs which dynamically change
their interface mode without software interaction depending on the
negotiation results.

Some of the interface modes are described below:

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_SMII``
    This is serial MII, clocked at 125MHz, supporting 100M and 10M speeds.
    Some details can be found in
    https://opencores.org/ocsvn/smii/smii/trunk/doc/SMII.pdf

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_1000BASEX``
    This defines the 1000BASE-X single-lane serdes link as defined by the
    802.3 standard section 36.  The link operates at a fixed bit rate of
    1.25Gbaud using a 10B/8B encoding scheme, resulting in an underlying
    data rate of 1Gbps.  Embedded in the data stream is a 16-bit control
    word which is used to negotiate the duplex and pause modes with the
    remote end.  This does not include "up-clocked" variants such as 2.5Gbps
    speeds (see below.)

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_2500BASEX``
    This defines a variant of 1000BASE-X which is clocked 2.5 times as fast
    as the 802.3 standard, giving a fixed bit rate of 3.125Gbaud.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_SGMII``
    This is used for Cisco SGMII, which is a modification of 1000BASE-X
    as defined by the 802.3 standard.  The SGMII link consists of a single
    serdes lane running at a fixed bit rate of 1.25Gbaud with 10B/8B
    encoding.  The underlying data rate is 1Gbps, with the slower speeds of
    100Mbps and 10Mbps being achieved through replication of each data symbol.
    The 802.3 control word is re-purposed to send the negotiated speed and
    duplex information from to the MAC, and for the MAC to acknowledge
    receipt.  This does not include "up-clocked" variants such as 2.5Gbps
    speeds.

    Note: mismatched SGMII vs 1000BASE-X configuration on a link can
    successfully pass data in some circumstances, but the 16-bit control
    word will not be correctly interpreted, which may cause mismatches in
    duplex, pause or other settings.  This is dependent on the MAC and/or
    PHY behaviour.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_5GBASER``
    This is the IEEE 802.3 Clause 129 defined 5GBASE-R protocol. It is
    identical to the 10GBASE-R protocol defined in Clause 49, with the
    exception that it operates at half the frequency. Please refer to the
    IEEE standard for the definition.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_10GBASER``
    This is the IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 defined 10GBASE-R protocol used with
    various different mediums. Please refer to the IEEE standard for a
    definition of this.

    Note: 10GBASE-R is just one protocol that can be used with XFI and SFI.
    XFI and SFI permit multiple protocols over a single SERDES lane, and
    also defines the electrical characteristics of the signals with a host
    compliance board plugged into the host XFP/SFP connector. Therefore,
    XFI and SFI are not PHY interface types in their own right.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_10GKR``
    This is the IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 defined 10GBASE-R with Clause 73
    autonegotiation. Please refer to the IEEE standard for further
    information.

    Note: due to legacy usage, some 10GBASE-R usage incorrectly makes
    use of this definition.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_25GBASER``
    This is the IEEE 802.3 PCS Clause 107 defined 25GBASE-R protocol.
    The PCS is identical to 10GBASE-R, i.e. 64B/66B encoded
    running 2.5 as fast, giving a fixed bit rate of 25.78125 Gbaud.
    Please refer to the IEEE standard for further information.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_100BASEX``
    This defines IEEE 802.3 Clause 24.  The link operates at a fixed data
    rate of 125Mpbs using a 4B/5B encoding scheme, resulting in an underlying
    data rate of 100Mpbs.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_QUSGMII``
    This defines the Cisco the Quad USGMII mode, which is the Quad variant of
    the USGMII (Universal SGMII) link. It's very similar to QSGMII, but uses
    a Packet Control Header (PCH) instead of the 7 bytes preamble to carry not
    only the port id, but also so-called "extensions". The only documented
    extension so-far in the specification is the inclusion of timestamps, for
    PTP-enabled PHYs. This mode isn't compatible with QSGMII, but offers the
    same capabilities in terms of link speed and negotiation.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_1000BASEKX``
    This is 1000BASE-X as defined by IEEE 802.3 Clause 36 with Clause 73
    autonegotiation. Generally, it will be used with a Clause 70 PMD. To
    contrast with the 1000BASE-X phy mode used for Clause 38 and 39 PMDs, this
    interface mode has different autonegotiation and only supports full duplex.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_PSGMII``
    This is the Penta SGMII mode, it is similar to QSGMII but it combines 5
    SGMII lines into a single link compared to 4 on QSGMII.

``PHY_INTERFACE_MODE_10G_QXGMII``
    Represents the 10G-QXGMII PHY-MAC interface as defined by the Cisco USXGMII
    Multiport Copper Interface document. It supports 4 ports over a 10.3125 GHz
    SerDes lane, each port having speeds of 2.5G / 1G / 100M / 10M achieved
    through symbol replication. The PCS expects the standard USXGMII code word.

Pause frames / flow control
===========================

The PHY does not participate directly in flow control/pause frames except by
making sure that the SUPPORTED_Pause and SUPPORTED_AsymPause bits are set in
MII_ADVERTISE to indicate towards the link partner that the Ethernet MAC
controller supports such a thing. Since flow control/pause frames generation
involves the Ethernet MAC driver, it is recommended that this driver takes care
of properly indicating advertisement and support for such features by setting
the SUPPORTED_Pause and SUPPORTED_AsymPause bits accordingly. This can be done
either before or after phy_connect() and/or as a result of implementing the
ethtool::set_pauseparam feature.


Keeping Close Tabs on the PAL
=============================

It is possible that the PAL's built-in state machine needs a little help to
keep your network device and the PHY properly in sync.  If so, you can
register a helper function when connecting to the PHY, which will be called
every second before the state machine reacts to any changes.  To do this, you
need to manually call phy_attach() and phy_prepare_link(), and then call
phy_start_machine() with the second argument set to point to your special
handler.

Currently there are no examples of how to use this functionality, and testing
on it has been limited because the author does not have any drivers which use
it (they all use option 1).  So Caveat Emptor.

Doing it all yourself
=====================

There's a remote chance that the PAL's built-in state machine cannot track
the complex interactions between the PHY and your network device.  If this is
so, you can simply call phy_attach(), and not call phy_start_machine or
phy_prepare_link().  This will mean that phydev->state is entirely yours to
handle (phy_start and phy_stop toggle between some of the states, so you
might need to avoid them).

An effort has been made to make sure that useful functionality can be
accessed without the state-machine running, and most of these functions are
descended from functions which did not interact with a complex state-machine.
However, again, no effort has been made so far to test running without the
state machine, so tryer beware.

Here is a brief rundown of the functions::

 int phy_read(struct phy_device *phydev, u16 regnum);
 int phy_write(struct phy_device *phydev, u16 regnum, u16 val);

Simple read/write primitives.  They invoke the bus's read/write function
pointers.
::

 void phy_print_status(struct phy_device *phydev);

A convenience function to print out the PHY status neatly.
::

 void phy_request_interrupt(struct phy_device *phydev);

Requests the IRQ for the PHY interrupts.
::

 struct phy_device * phy_attach(struct net_device *dev, const char *phy_id,
		                phy_interface_t interface);

Attaches a network device to a particular PHY, binding the PHY to a generic
driver if none was found during bus initialization.
::

 int phy_start_aneg(struct phy_device *phydev);

Using variables inside the phydev structure, either configures advertising
and resets autonegotiation, or disables autonegotiation, and configures
forced settings.
::

 static inline int phy_read_status(struct phy_device *phydev);

Fills the phydev structure with up-to-date information about the current
settings in the PHY.
::

 int phy_ethtool_ksettings_set(struct phy_device *phydev,
                               const struct ethtool_link_ksettings *cmd);

Ethtool convenience functions.
::

 int phy_mii_ioctl(struct phy_device *phydev,
                   struct mii_ioctl_data *mii_data, int cmd);

The MII ioctl.  Note that this function will completely screw up the state
machine if you write registers like BMCR, BMSR, ADVERTISE, etc.  Best to
use this only to write registers which are not standard, and don't set off
a renegotiation.

PHY Device Drivers
==================

With the PHY Abstraction Layer, adding support for new PHYs is
quite easy. In some cases, no work is required at all! However,
many PHYs require a little hand-holding to get up-and-running.

Generic PHY driver
------------------

If the desired PHY doesn't have any errata, quirks, or special
features you want to support, then it may be best to not add
support, and let the PHY Abstraction Layer's Generic PHY Driver
do all of the work.

Writing a PHY driver
--------------------

If you do need to write a PHY driver, the first thing to do is
make sure it can be matched with an appropriate PHY device.
This is done during bus initialization by reading the device's
UID (stored in registers 2 and 3), then comparing it to each
driver's phy_id field by ANDing it with each driver's
phy_id_mask field.  Also, it needs a name.  Here's an example::

   static struct phy_driver dm9161_driver = {
         .phy_id         = 0x0181b880,
	 .name           = "Davicom DM9161E",
	 .phy_id_mask    = 0x0ffffff0,
	 ...
   }

Next, you need to specify what features (speed, duplex, autoneg,
etc) your PHY device and driver support.  Most PHYs support
PHY_BASIC_FEATURES, but you can look in include/mii.h for other
features.

Each driver consists of a number of function pointers, documented
in include/linux/phy.h under the phy_driver structure.

Of these, only config_aneg and read_status are required to be
assigned by the driver code.  The rest are optional.  Also, it is
preferred to use the generic phy driver's versions of these two
functions if at all possible: genphy_read_status and
genphy_config_aneg.  If this is not possible, it is likely that
you only need to perform some actions before and after invoking
these functions, and so your functions will wrap the generic
ones.

Feel free to look at the Marvell, Cicada, and Davicom drivers in
drivers/net/phy/ for examples (the lxt and qsemi drivers have
not been tested as of this writing).

The PHY's MMD register accesses are handled by the PAL framework
by default, but can be overridden by a specific PHY driver if
required. This could be the case if a PHY was released for
manufacturing before the MMD PHY register definitions were
standardized by the IEEE. Most modern PHYs will be able to use
the generic PAL framework for accessing the PHY's MMD registers.
An example of such usage is for Energy Efficient Ethernet support,
implemented in the PAL. This support uses the PAL to access MMD
registers for EEE query and configuration if the PHY supports
the IEEE standard access mechanisms, or can use the PHY's specific
access interfaces if overridden by the specific PHY driver. See
the Micrel driver in drivers/net/phy/ for an example of how this
can be implemented.

Board Fixups
============

Sometimes the specific interaction between the platform and the PHY requires
special handling.  For instance, to change where the PHY's clock input is,
or to add a delay to account for latency issues in the data path.  In order
to support such contingencies, the PHY Layer allows platform code to register
fixups to be run when the PHY is brought up (or subsequently reset).

When the PHY Layer brings up a PHY it checks to see if there are any fixups
registered for it, matching based on UID (contained in the PHY device's phy_id
field) and the bus identifier (contained in phydev->dev.bus_id).  Both must
match, however two constants, PHY_ANY_ID and PHY_ANY_UID, are provided as
wildcards for the bus ID and UID, respectively.

When a match is found, the PHY layer will invoke the run function associated
with the fixup.  This function is passed a pointer to the phy_device of
interest.  It should therefore only operate on that PHY.

The platform code can either register the fixup using phy_register_fixup()::

	int phy_register_fixup(const char *phy_id,
		u32 phy_uid, u32 phy_uid_mask,
		int (*run)(struct phy_device *));

Or using one of the two stubs, phy_register_fixup_for_uid() and
phy_register_fixup_for_id()::

 int phy_register_fixup_for_uid(u32 phy_uid, u32 phy_uid_mask,
		int (*run)(struct phy_device *));
 int phy_register_fixup_for_id(const char *phy_id,
		int (*run)(struct phy_device *));

The stubs set one of the two matching criteria, and set the other one to
match anything.

When phy_register_fixup() or \*_for_uid()/\*_for_id() is called at module load
time, the module needs to unregister the fixup and free allocated memory when
it's unloaded.

Call one of following function before unloading module::

 int phy_unregister_fixup(const char *phy_id, u32 phy_uid, u32 phy_uid_mask);
 int phy_unregister_fixup_for_uid(u32 phy_uid, u32 phy_uid_mask);
 int phy_register_fixup_for_id(const char *phy_id);

Standards
=========

IEEE Standard 802.3: CSMA/CD Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications, Section Two:
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.3-2008_section2.pdf

RGMII v1.3:
http://web.archive.org/web/20160303212629/http://www.hp.com/rnd/pdfs/RGMIIv1_3.pdf

RGMII v2.0:
http://web.archive.org/web/20160303171328/http://www.hp.com/rnd/pdfs/RGMIIv2_0_final_hp.pdf